13.3. OpenLDAP Daemons and Utilities

The suite of OpenLDAP libraries and tools are included within the following packages:

There are two servers contained in the openldap-servers package: the Standalone LDAP Daemon (/usr/sbin/slapd) and the Standalone LDAP Update Replication Daemon (/usr/sbin/slurpd).

The slapd daemon is the standalone LDAP server while the slurpd daemon is used to synchronize changes from one LDAP server to other LDAP servers on the network. The slurpd daemon is only used when dealing with multiple LDAP servers.

To perform administrative tasks, the openldap-servers package installs the following utilities into the /usr/sbin/ directory:

WarningWarning
 

You must stop slapd by issuing the /sbin/service ldap stop command before using slapadd, slapcat or slapindex. Otherwise, the integrity of the LDAP directory is at risk.

For more information on using these utilities, refer to their respective man pages.

The openldap-clients package installs tools into /usr/bin/ which are used to add, modify, and delete entries in an LDAP directory. These tools include the following:

With the exception of ldapsearch, each of these utilities is more easily used by referencing a file containing the changes to be made rather than typing a command for each entry to be changed within an LDAP directory. The format of such a file is outlined in the man page for each utility.

13.3.1. NSS, PAM, and LDAP

In addition to the OpenLDAP packages, Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes a package called nss_ldap, which enhances LDAP's ability to integrate into both Linux and other UNIX environments.

The nss_ldap package provides the following modules:

The nss_ldap package provides the following modules for Itanium or AMD64 architectures:

The libnss_ldap-<glibc-version>.so module allows applications to look up users, groups, hosts, and other information using an LDAP directory via glibc's Nameservice Switch (NSS) interface (replace <glibc-version> with the version of libnss_ldap in use). NSS allows applications to authenticate using LDAP in conjunction with the NIS name service and flat authentication files.

The pam_ldap module allows PAM-aware applications to authenticate users using information stored in an LDAP directory. PAM-aware applications include console login, POP and IMAP mail servers, and Samba. By deploying an LDAP server on a network, all of these applications can authenticate using the same user ID and password combination, greatly simplifying administration.

For more about configuring PAM, refer to Chapter 16 Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) and the PAM man pages.

13.3.2. PHP4, LDAP, and the Apache HTTP Server

Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes a package containing an LDAP module for the PHP server-side scripting language.

The php-ldap package adds LDAP support to the PHP4 HTML-embedded scripting language via the /usr/lib/php4/ldap.so module. This module allows PHP4 scripts to access information stored in an LDAP directory.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux ships with the mod_authz_ldap module for the Apache HTTP Server. This module uses the short form of the distinguished name for a subject and the issuer of the client SSL certificate to determine the distinguished name of the user within an LDAP directory. It is also capable of authorizing users based on attributes of that user's LDAP directory entry, determining access to assets based on the user and group privileges of the asset, and denying access for users with expired passwords. The mod_ssl module is required when using the mod_authz_ldap module.

ImportantImportant
 

The mod_authz_ldap module does not authenticate a user to an LDAP directory using an encrypted password hash. This functionality is provided by the experimental mod_auth_ldap module, which is not included with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Refer to the Apache Software Foundation website online at http://www.apache.org/ for details on the status of this module.

13.3.3. LDAP Client Applications

There are graphical LDAP clients available which support creating and modifying directories, but they are not included with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. One such application is LDAP Browser/Editor — A Java-based tool available online at http://www.iit.edu/~gawojar/ldap/.

Most other LDAP clients access directories as read-only, using them to reference, but not alter, organization-wide information. Some examples of such applications are Sendmail, Mozilla, Gnome Meeting, and Evolution.