it.unimi.dsi.mg4j.io
Class OutputBitStream

java.lang.Object
  extended by it.unimi.dsi.mg4j.io.OutputBitStream
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable, Flushable
Direct Known Subclasses:
DebugOutputBitStream

Deprecated. Moved to dsiutils.

@Deprecated
public class OutputBitStream
extends Object
implements Flushable, Closeable

Bit-level output stream.

This class wraps any OutputStream so that you can treat it as bit stream. Constructors and methods closely resemble those of OutputStream. Data can be added to such a stream in several ways: writing an integer or long in fixed-width, unary, γ, δ, ζ and Golomb coding, or providing a vector of bytes.

This class can also wrap a byte array; this is much more lightweight than wrapping a FastByteArrayOutputStream wrapping the array, but overflowing the array will cause an IOException.

Note that when writing using a vector of bytes bits are written in the natural way: the first bit is bit 7 of the first byte, the eightth bit is bit 0 of the first byte, the ninth bit is bit 7 of the second byte and so on. When writing integers using some coding, instead, the lower bits are considered for coding (in the fixed-width case, the given number of bits, otherwise the lower bits starting from the most significant one).

The bit stream format

The bit streams written by this class are big endian. That is, the first bit of the stream is bit 7 of the first byte, the eightth bit is bit 0 of the first byte, the ninth bit is bit 7 of the second byte and so on.

Blocks of bits (such as coded integers) are written starting from the most significant bit. In other words, if you take the first bytes of a stream and print them in binary you will see exactly the sequence of bits you have written. In particular, if you write 32-bit integers you will get a stream which is identical to the one produced by a DataOutput.

Additional features:

This class is not synchronised. If multiple threads access an instance of this class concurrently, they must be synchronised externally.

Since:
0.1
Author:
Sebastiano Vigna
See Also:
OutputStream, InputBitStream

Field Summary
protected  int avail
          Deprecated. Current number of bytes available in the byte buffer.
protected  byte[] buffer
          Deprecated. The stream buffer.
static int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
          Deprecated. The default size of the byte buffer in bytes (16Ki).
protected  FileChannel fileChannel
          Deprecated. The cached file channel underlying os.
protected  int free
          Deprecated. Current number of free bits in the bit buffer (the bits in the buffer are stored high).
protected  OutputStream os
          Deprecated. The underlying OutputStream.
protected  int pos
          Deprecated. Current position in the byte buffer.
protected  long position
          Deprecated. Current position of the underlying output stream.
protected  RepositionableStream repositionableStream
          Deprecated. os cast to a positionable stream.
protected  boolean wrapping
          Deprecated. True if we are wrapping an array.
 
Constructor Summary
protected OutputBitStream()
          Deprecated. This (non-public) constructor exists just to provide fake initialisation for classes such as DebugOutputBitStream.
  OutputBitStream(byte[] a)
          Deprecated. Creates a new output bit stream wrapping a given byte array.
  OutputBitStream(File file)
          Deprecated. Creates a new output bit stream writing to a file.
  OutputBitStream(File file, int bufSize)
          Deprecated. Creates a new output bit stream writing to file.
  OutputBitStream(OutputStream os)
          Deprecated. Creates a new output bit stream wrapping a given output stream using a buffer of size DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
  OutputBitStream(OutputStream os, int bufSize)
          Deprecated. Creates a new output bit stream wrapping a given output stream with a specified buffer size.
  OutputBitStream(String name)
          Deprecated. Creates a new output bit stream writing to a file.
  OutputBitStream(String name, int bufSize)
          Deprecated. Creates a new output bit stream writing to file.
 
Method Summary
 int align()
          Deprecated. Aligns the stream.
 void close()
          Deprecated. Closes the bit stream.
 void flush()
          Deprecated. Flushes the bit stream.
 void position(long position)
          Deprecated. Sets this stream bit position, if it is based on a RepositionableStream or on a FileChannel.
 int write(BooleanIterator i)
          Deprecated. Writes a sequence of bits emitted by a boolean iterator.
 int write(byte[] bits, int len)
          Deprecated. As of MG4J 1.2, replaced by write(byte[], long).
 int write(byte[] bits, int offset, int len)
          Deprecated. As of MG4J 1.2, replaced by write(byte[], long, long).
 long write(byte[] bits, long len)
          Deprecated. Writes a sequence of bits.
 long write(byte[] bits, long offset, long len)
          Deprecated. Writes a sequence of bits, starting from a given offset.
 int writeBit(boolean bit)
          Deprecated. Writes a bit.
 int writeBit(int bit)
          Deprecated. Writes a bit.
protected  long writeByteOffset(byte[] bits, int offset, long len)
          Deprecated. Writes a sequence of bits, starting from a given byte offset.
 int writeDelta(int x)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in δ coding.
 int writeGamma(int x)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in γ coding.
 int writeGolomb(int x, int b)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in Golomb coding.
 int writeGolomb(int x, int b, int log2b)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in Golomb coding.
 int writeInt(int x, int len)
          Deprecated. Writes a fixed number of bits from an integer.
 int writeLong(long x, int len)
          Deprecated. Writes a fixed number of bits from a long.
 int writeLongDelta(long x)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in δ coding.
 int writeLongGamma(long x)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in γ coding.
 long writeLongGolomb(long x, long b)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in Golomb coding.
 long writeLongGolomb(long x, long b, int log2b)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in Golomb coding.
 int writeLongMinimalBinary(long x, long b)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in a limited range using a minimal binary coding.
 int writeLongMinimalBinary(long x, long b, int log2b)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in a limited range using a minimal binary coding.
 int writeLongNibble(long x)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in variable-length nibble coding.
 int writeLongShiftedGamma(long x)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in shifted γ coding.
 long writeLongSkewedGolomb(long x, long b)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in skewed Golomb coding.
 long writeLongUnary(long x)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in unary coding.
 long writeLongZeta(long x, int k)
          Deprecated. Writes a long natural number in ζ coding.
 int writeMinimalBinary(int x, int b)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in a limited range using a minimal binary coding.
 int writeMinimalBinary(int x, int b, int log2b)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in a limited range using a minimal binary coding.
 int writeNibble(int x)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in variable-length nibble coding.
 int writeShiftedGamma(int x)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in shifted γ coding.
 int writeSkewedGolomb(int x, int b)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in skewed Golomb coding.
 int writeUnary(int x)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in unary coding.
 int writeZeta(int x, int k)
          Deprecated. Writes a natural number in ζ coding.
 long writtenBits()
          Deprecated. Returns the number of bits written to this bit stream.
 void writtenBits(long writtenBits)
          Deprecated. Sets the number of bits written to this bit stream.
 
Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait
 

Field Detail

DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE

public static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
Deprecated. 
The default size of the byte buffer in bytes (16Ki).

See Also:
Constant Field Values

os

protected OutputStream os
Deprecated. 
The underlying OutputStream.


buffer

protected byte[] buffer
Deprecated. 
The stream buffer.


free

protected int free
Deprecated. 
Current number of free bits in the bit buffer (the bits in the buffer are stored high).


pos

protected int pos
Deprecated. 
Current position in the byte buffer.


position

protected long position
Deprecated. 
Current position of the underlying output stream.


avail

protected int avail
Deprecated. 
Current number of bytes available in the byte buffer.


fileChannel

protected FileChannel fileChannel
Deprecated. 
The cached file channel underlying os.


repositionableStream

protected RepositionableStream repositionableStream
Deprecated. 
os cast to a positionable stream.


wrapping

protected boolean wrapping
Deprecated. 
True if we are wrapping an array.

Constructor Detail

OutputBitStream

protected OutputBitStream()
Deprecated. 
This (non-public) constructor exists just to provide fake initialisation for classes such as DebugOutputBitStream.


OutputBitStream

public OutputBitStream(OutputStream os)
Deprecated. 
Creates a new output bit stream wrapping a given output stream using a buffer of size DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.

Parameters:
os - the output stream to wrap.

OutputBitStream

public OutputBitStream(OutputStream os,
                       int bufSize)
Deprecated. 
Creates a new output bit stream wrapping a given output stream with a specified buffer size.

Parameters:
os - the output stream to wrap.
bufSize - the size in byte of the buffer; it may be 0, denoting no buffering.

OutputBitStream

public OutputBitStream(byte[] a)
Deprecated. 
Creates a new output bit stream wrapping a given byte array.

Parameters:
a - the byte array to wrap.

OutputBitStream

public OutputBitStream(String name,
                       int bufSize)
                throws FileNotFoundException
Deprecated. 
Creates a new output bit stream writing to file.

Parameters:
name - the name of the file.
bufSize - the size in byte of the buffer; it may be 0, denoting no buffering.
Throws:
FileNotFoundException

OutputBitStream

public OutputBitStream(String name)
                throws FileNotFoundException
Deprecated. 
Creates a new output bit stream writing to a file.

Parameters:
name - the name of the file.
Throws:
FileNotFoundException

OutputBitStream

public OutputBitStream(File file,
                       int bufSize)
                throws FileNotFoundException
Deprecated. 
Creates a new output bit stream writing to file.

Parameters:
file - the file.
bufSize - the size in byte of the buffer; it may be 0, denoting no buffering.
Throws:
FileNotFoundException

OutputBitStream

public OutputBitStream(File file)
                throws FileNotFoundException
Deprecated. 
Creates a new output bit stream writing to a file.

Parameters:
file - the file.
Throws:
FileNotFoundException
Method Detail

flush

public void flush()
           throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Flushes the bit stream.

This method will align the stream, write the bit buffer, empty the byte buffer and delegate to the OutputStream.flush() method of the underlying output stream.

This method is provided so that users of this class can easily wrap repositionable streams (for instance, file-based streams, which can be repositioned using the underlying FileChannel).

It is guaranteed that after calling this method the underlying stream can be repositioned, and that the next write to the underlying output stream will start with the content of the first write method called afterwards.

Specified by:
flush in interface Flushable
Throws:
IOException

close

public void close()
           throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Closes the bit stream. All resources associated to the stream are released.

Specified by:
close in interface Closeable
Throws:
IOException

writtenBits

public long writtenBits()
Deprecated. 
Returns the number of bits written to this bit stream.

Returns:
the number of bits written so far.

writtenBits

public void writtenBits(long writtenBits)
Deprecated. 
Sets the number of bits written to this bit stream.

This method is provided so that, for instance, the user can reset via writtenBits(0) the written-bits count after a flush().

Parameters:
writtenBits - the new value for the number of bits written so far.

align

public int align()
          throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Aligns the stream. After a call to this method, the stream is byte aligned. Zeroes are used to pad it if necessary.

Returns:
the number of padding bits.
Throws:
IOException

position

public void position(long position)
              throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Sets this stream bit position, if it is based on a RepositionableStream or on a FileChannel.

Given an underlying stream that implements RepositionableStream or that can provide a FileChannel via the getChannel() method, a call to this method has the same semantics of a flush(), followed by a call to position(position / 8) on the byte stream. Currently there is no clean, working way of supporting out-of-byte-boundary positioning.

Parameters:
position - the new position expressed as a bit offset; it must be byte-aligned.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - when trying to position outside of byte boundaries.
UnsupportedOperationException - if the underlying byte stream does not implement RepositionableStream and if the channel it returns is not a FileChannel.
IOException
See Also:
FileChannel.position(long)

write

@Deprecated
public int write(byte[] bits,
                            int len)
          throws IOException
Deprecated. As of MG4J 1.2, replaced by write(byte[], long).

Writes a sequence of bits. Bits will be written in the natural way: the first bit is bit 7 of the first byte, the eightth bit is bit 0 of the first byte, the ninth bit is bit 7 of the second byte and so on.

Parameters:
bits - a vector containing the bits to be written.
len - a bit length.
Returns:
the number of bits written (len).
Throws:
IOException

write

@Deprecated
public int write(byte[] bits,
                            int offset,
                            int len)
          throws IOException
Deprecated. As of MG4J 1.2, replaced by write(byte[], long, long).

Writes a sequence of bits, starting from a given offset. Bits will be written in the natural way: the first bit is bit 7 of the first byte, the eightth bit is bit 0 of the first byte, the ninth bit is bit 7 of the second byte and so on.

Parameters:
bits - a vector containing the bits to be written.
offset - a bit offset from which to start to write.
len - a bit length.
Returns:
the number of bits written (len).
Throws:
IOException

write

public long write(byte[] bits,
                  long len)
           throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a sequence of bits. Bits will be written in the natural way: the first bit is bit 7 of the first byte, the eightth bit is bit 0 of the first byte, the ninth bit is bit 7 of the second byte and so on.

Parameters:
bits - a vector containing the bits to be written.
len - a bit length.
Returns:
the number of bits written (len).
Throws:
IOException

write

public long write(byte[] bits,
                  long offset,
                  long len)
           throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a sequence of bits, starting from a given offset. Bits will be written in the natural way: the first bit is bit 7 of the first byte, the eightth bit is bit 0 of the first byte, the ninth bit is bit 7 of the second byte and so on.

Parameters:
bits - a vector containing the bits to be written.
offset - a bit offset from which to start to write.
len - a bit length.
Returns:
the number of bits written (len).
Throws:
IOException

writeByteOffset

protected long writeByteOffset(byte[] bits,
                               int offset,
                               long len)
                        throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a sequence of bits, starting from a given byte offset. Bits will be written in the natural way: the first bit is bit 7 of the first byte, the eightth bit is bit 0 of the first byte, the ninth bit is bit 7 of the second byte and so on.

This method is used to support methods such as write(byte[], long, long).

Parameters:
bits - a vector containing the bits to be written.
offset - an offset, expressed in bytes.
len - a bit length.
Returns:
the number of bits written (len).
Throws:
IOException

writeBit

public int writeBit(boolean bit)
             throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a bit.

Parameters:
bit - a bit.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IOException

writeBit

public int writeBit(int bit)
             throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a bit.

Parameters:
bit - a bit.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IOException

write

public int write(BooleanIterator i)
          throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a sequence of bits emitted by a boolean iterator.

If the iterator throws an exception, it is catched, and the return value is given by the number of bits written increased by one and with the sign changed.

Parameters:
i - a boolean iterator.
Returns:
if i did not throw a runtime exception, the number of bits written; otherwise, the number of bits written, plus one, with the sign changed.
Throws:
IOException

writeInt

public int writeInt(int x,
                    int len)
             throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a fixed number of bits from an integer.

Parameters:
x - an integer.
len - a bit length; this many lower bits of the first argument will be written (the most significant bit first).
Returns:
the number of bits written (len).
Throws:
IOException

writeLong

public int writeLong(long x,
                     int len)
              throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a fixed number of bits from a long.

Parameters:
x - a long.
len - a bit length; this many lower bits of the first argument will be written (the most significant bit first).
Returns:
the number of bits written (len).
Throws:
IOException

writeUnary

public int writeUnary(int x)
               throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in unary coding.

The unary coding of a natural number n is given by 0n1.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException

writeLongUnary

public long writeLongUnary(long x)
                    throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in unary coding.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException
See Also:
writeUnary(int)

writeGamma

public int writeGamma(int x)
               throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in γ coding.

The γ coding of a positive number of k bits is obtained writing k-1 in unary, followed by the lower k-1 bits of the number. The coding of a natural number is obtained by adding one and coding.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException

writeLongGamma

public int writeLongGamma(long x)
                   throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in γ coding.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException
See Also:
writeGamma(int)

writeShiftedGamma

public int writeShiftedGamma(int x)
                      throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in shifted γ coding. The shifted γ coding of 0 is 1. The coding of a positive number of k bits is obtained writing k in unary, followed by the lower k-1 bits of the number (equivalently, by writing k zeroes followed by the number).

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException

writeLongShiftedGamma

public int writeLongShiftedGamma(long x)
                          throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in shifted γ coding.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException
See Also:
writeShiftedGamma(int)

writeDelta

public int writeDelta(int x)
               throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in δ coding. The δ coding of a positive number of k bits is obtained writing k-1 in γ coding, followed by the lower k-1 bits of the number. The coding of a natural number is obtained by adding one and coding.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException

writeLongDelta

public int writeLongDelta(long x)
                   throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in δ coding.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException
See Also:
writeDelta(int)

writeMinimalBinary

public int writeMinimalBinary(int x,
                              int b)
                       throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in a limited range using a minimal binary coding.

A minimal binary code is an optimal code for the uniform distribution. This method uses an optimal code in which shorter words are assigned to smaller integers.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
b - a strict upper bound for x.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a nonpositive base.
IOException

writeMinimalBinary

public int writeMinimalBinary(int x,
                              int b,
                              int log2b)
                       throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in a limited range using a minimal binary coding. This method is faster than writeMinimalBinary(int,int) because it does not have to compute log2b.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
b - a strict upper bound for x.
log2b - the floor of the base-2 logarithm of the bound.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a nonpositive base.
IOException
See Also:
writeMinimalBinary(int, int)

writeLongMinimalBinary

public int writeLongMinimalBinary(long x,
                                  long b)
                           throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in a limited range using a minimal binary coding.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
b - a strict upper bound for x.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a nonpositive base.
IOException
See Also:
writeMinimalBinary(int, int)

writeLongMinimalBinary

public int writeLongMinimalBinary(long x,
                                  long b,
                                  int log2b)
                           throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in a limited range using a minimal binary coding. This method is faster than writeLongMinimalBinary(long,long) because it does not have to compute log2b.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
b - a strict upper bound for x.
log2b - the floor of the base-2 logarithm of the bound.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a nonpositive base.
IOException
See Also:
writeMinimalBinary(int, int)

writeGolomb

public int writeGolomb(int x,
                       int b)
                throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in Golomb coding.

Golomb coding with modulo b writes a natural number x as the quotient of the division of x and b in unary, followed by the remainder in minimal binary code.

This method implements also the case in which b is 0: in this case, the argument x may only be zero, and nothing will be written.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
b - the modulus for the coding.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a negative modulus.
IOException

writeGolomb

public int writeGolomb(int x,
                       int b,
                       int log2b)
                throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in Golomb coding. This method is faster than writeGolomb(int,int) because it does not have to compute log2b.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
b - the modulus for the coding.
log2b - the floor of the base-2 logarithm of the coding modulus (it is irrelevant when b is zero).
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a negative modulus.
IOException
See Also:
writeGolomb(int, int)

writeLongGolomb

public long writeLongGolomb(long x,
                            long b)
                     throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in Golomb coding.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
b - the modulus for the coding.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a negative modulus.
IOException
See Also:
writeGolomb(int, int)

writeLongGolomb

public long writeLongGolomb(long x,
                            long b,
                            int log2b)
                     throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in Golomb coding. This method is faster than writeLongGolomb(long,long) because it does not have to compute log2b.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
b - the modulus for the coding.
log2b - the floor of the base-2 logarithm of the coding modulus (it is irrelevant when b is zero).
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a negative modulus.
IOException
See Also:
writeGolomb(int, int)

writeSkewedGolomb

public int writeSkewedGolomb(int x,
                             int b)
                      throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in skewed Golomb coding.

This method implements also the case in which b is 0: in this case, the argument x may only be zero, and nothing will be written.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
b - the modulus for the coding.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a negative modulus.
IOException

writeLongSkewedGolomb

public long writeLongSkewedGolomb(long x,
                                  long b)
                           throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in skewed Golomb coding.

This method implements also the case in which b is 0: in this case, the argument x may only be zero, and nothing will be written.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
b - the modulus for the coding.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a negative modulus.
IOException
See Also:
writeSkewedGolomb(int, int)

writeZeta

public int writeZeta(int x,
                     int k)
              throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in ζ coding.

ζ coding (with modulo k) records positive numbers in the intervals [1,2k-1],[2k,2k+1-1],…,[2hk,2(h+1)k-1] by coding h in unary, followed by a minimal binary coding of the offset in the interval. The coding of a natural number is obtained by adding one and coding.

ζ codes were defined by Paolo Boldi and Sebastiano Vigna in “Codes for the World−Wide Web”, Internet Math., 2(4):405-427, 2005. The paper contains also a detailed analysis.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
k - the shrinking factor.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a nonpositive shrinking factor.
IOException

writeLongZeta

public long writeLongZeta(long x,
                          int k)
                   throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in ζ coding.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
k - the shrinking factor.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number or use a nonpositive shrinking factor.
IOException
See Also:
writeZeta(int, int)

writeNibble

public int writeNibble(int x)
                throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a natural number in variable-length nibble coding.

Variable-length nibble coding records a natural number by padding its binary representation to the left using zeroes, until its length is a multiple of three. Then, the resulting string is broken in blocks of 3 bits, and each block is prefixed with a bit, which is zero for all blocks except for the last one.

Parameters:
x - a natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException

writeLongNibble

public int writeLongNibble(long x)
                    throws IOException
Deprecated. 
Writes a long natural number in variable-length nibble coding.

Parameters:
x - a long natural number.
Returns:
the number of bits written.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if you try to write a negative number.
IOException
See Also:
writeNibble(int)